Stock market indices play an important role in gauging the economic health and progress of a country. Oftentimes someone will say "the stock market is up" or "down" but that is not necessarily a meaningful statement. Understanding how stock market indices are calculated and their history can be very instrumental in understanding the stock market as a whole.
The Origin Of The Stock Market Index
As stock markets became more and more prevalent in industrialized countries, people began to look for a "barometer" of the stock market as a whole. The very first stock market index was the Dow Jones Transportation Average, which was created by Charles Dow in 1884. It was followed shortly thereafter by many more indexes like the Dow Jones Industrial Average which, in a very modified form, is still widely publicized and followed today.
How Indices Are Calculated
A stock market index is generally calculated by combining a weighted average of a set of particular stocks. For example, in the case of the Dow Jones Industrial Average, 30 stocks are weighted by price to get a measurement of the market as a whole. It should be noted that all indices are somewhat arbitrary and are more useful as indicators of relative and historical growth rather than a raw number. Additionally, in many indices stocks often times are added or removed due to bankruptcies or simply becoming less relevant than another stock. Most recently Kraft Foods replace AIG in the Dow Jones Industrial Average.
Popular Stock Indices
The most popularly referenced American stock market indices are:
The Dow Jones Industrial Average - These are 30 of the largest American stocks.
The S&P 500 - The 500 large actively traded US stocks.
The NASDAQ Composite - An index of all the common stocks on the NASDAQ exchange.
Foreign Stock Indexes:
Other countries of course have their own stock markets and thus their own averages to use to measure them. Britain has the FTSE (pronounced like "Footsie") which is very similar to Americas S&P. Japan has their Nikkei average. Hong Kong has the Hang Seng. There are of course many more.
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Minggu, 18 Januari 2009
Global Markets To Endure More Pain In 2009 by John S
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Global Markets To Endure More Pain In 2009 by John S
A record $14 trillion (£9.7tn) has been wiped off world share values in 2008 as many stockmarkets around the world suffered their worst 12 months on record.
As we enter 2009 things are not looking up, regardless of what bad advice you are getting from you broker or the selection of idiot financial analysts out there.
Turmoil in the financial system and the worst global recession since the 1970s have sent shares reeling. Global stocks, as measured by the MSCI index, have fallen by a record 44% over the year.
In London, the FTSE 100 index lost 31.3% in 2008, its worst annual decline since it was created in 1984, and following a 3.8% gain in 2007. It edged up 0.94% to 4434.17 on the last trading day of the year, a gain of 41.49 points. Banks, at the centre of the financial storm, were among the biggest losers ranging from HBOS, Royal Bank of Scotland and Lloyds TSB to Barclays. Mining companies Kazakhmys, Xstrata and Rio Tinto also fared badly as the economy worsened.
Drugmakers AstraZeneca and GlaxoSmithKline were among the best-performing stocks on the FTSE. British Energy was another big gainer, up more than 40% in a year in which the government secured the sale of its stake in the nuclear power firm to French energy giant EDF.
David Buik at BGC Partners talked of an "annus horribilis by any standards".
It started with the Northern Rock nationalisation, and got progressively worse. In March, US investment house Bear Stearns became the first major bank to be rescued from collapse and by the autumn scores of banks around the world had gone under - notably Lehman Brothers - or been bailed out. Lending between banks ground to a halt, triggering more government interventions, and most major economies slid into recession.
Sterling has also had its worst year against the euro since the single currency started life almost a decade ago. The pound staged a rally on the last day of the year, rising 2% to 95.44p versus the euro. But analysts say there was nothing to prevent further losses that could take the pair to parity, with UK interest rates set to fall close to zero in the new year from 2% now - far below rates in the eurozone, currently at 2.5%.
Against the dollar, the pound has lost nearly 27% over the year, the sharpest drop since the gold standard monetary system was abolished in 1971. It traded around $1.4605 today.
Oil dropped to $37 a barrel, heading for its worst year ever with a slump of more than 60%.
Last night, Wall Street took heart from Washington's expanded bail-out of the embattled auto sector, with the Dow Jones industrial average closing up 2.2%. The Dow is off nearly 35% so far this year.
The mainland European bourses that opened for a half day drifted marginally upwards but still registered their worst yearly losses for decades. The CAC-40 in Paris notched up a decline of 43%, the worst run in its 20-year history. Germany's Dax-30 closed down 40.4% yesterday while Italy's MIB-30 was off 48.5% and Spain's Ibex-35 down 47.5%.
The worst-performing stockmarket over the year was Russia's, where the benchmark RTS index plunged by 72%. Second worst hit was China's benchmark Shanghai composite index, which plummeted 65% - its largest-ever annual drop - after soaring more than 300% over 2006 and 2007.
"China's economy is obviously at a turning point. There are too many uncertainties, and past huge losses have made investors increasingly cautious," said Cheng Weiqing, an analyst at Citic Securities in Beijing.
Many investors are hoping for a better year in 2009, taking heart from the stock gains seen during December. "If there's any optimism, it's on the basis that stockmarkets recover in recessions," said "Now we have the real recession, rather than the phoney recession. Last year we were so optimistic that we were fooling ourselves. It's gone too far the other way."
Buik said the outlook for the UK was mixed. "With the dole queue likely to increase to 2.5 million by the end of May 2009, and with corporate profits in the next quarter likely to fall by 15% and with the housing market continuing to retrench, the immediate outlook for equities is unappetising," he said. "However, with many companies still paying reasonable dividends, the UK stockmarket should rally strongly in the second half of the year with the FTSE ending at 5000, as the UK attempts to dig itself out of recession."
Across Asia, stocks suffered record falls over the year, a painful change from its once-booming markets. In Tokyo, the benchmark Nikkei closed for the year yesterday having recorded the biggest annual percentage loss in its 58-year history. Modest gains in December - the first since May - did little to mitigate a yearly loss of 42% after the world's second-largest economy sank into recession.
In Hong Kong, also in recession, the Hang Seng index ended the year 48% lower, its worst annual drop since the global oil shock of the early 1970s. India's main index in Mumbai plummeted by 52%.
The South African stock exchange lost 27% this year and the rand slipped almost 30%
To expect the best in 2009 is just being unrealistic.
About the Author
For More Important Updates & Predictions Regarding The Economy Please Visit Our YOUTUBE Channel ==> http://www.youtube.com/myspacesecrets
whereby the original author's information and copyright must be included.
Global Markets To Endure More Pain In 2009 by John S
A record $14 trillion (£9.7tn) has been wiped off world share values in 2008 as many stockmarkets around the world suffered their worst 12 months on record.
As we enter 2009 things are not looking up, regardless of what bad advice you are getting from you broker or the selection of idiot financial analysts out there.
Turmoil in the financial system and the worst global recession since the 1970s have sent shares reeling. Global stocks, as measured by the MSCI index, have fallen by a record 44% over the year.
In London, the FTSE 100 index lost 31.3% in 2008, its worst annual decline since it was created in 1984, and following a 3.8% gain in 2007. It edged up 0.94% to 4434.17 on the last trading day of the year, a gain of 41.49 points. Banks, at the centre of the financial storm, were among the biggest losers ranging from HBOS, Royal Bank of Scotland and Lloyds TSB to Barclays. Mining companies Kazakhmys, Xstrata and Rio Tinto also fared badly as the economy worsened.
Drugmakers AstraZeneca and GlaxoSmithKline were among the best-performing stocks on the FTSE. British Energy was another big gainer, up more than 40% in a year in which the government secured the sale of its stake in the nuclear power firm to French energy giant EDF.
David Buik at BGC Partners talked of an "annus horribilis by any standards".
It started with the Northern Rock nationalisation, and got progressively worse. In March, US investment house Bear Stearns became the first major bank to be rescued from collapse and by the autumn scores of banks around the world had gone under - notably Lehman Brothers - or been bailed out. Lending between banks ground to a halt, triggering more government interventions, and most major economies slid into recession.
Sterling has also had its worst year against the euro since the single currency started life almost a decade ago. The pound staged a rally on the last day of the year, rising 2% to 95.44p versus the euro. But analysts say there was nothing to prevent further losses that could take the pair to parity, with UK interest rates set to fall close to zero in the new year from 2% now - far below rates in the eurozone, currently at 2.5%.
Against the dollar, the pound has lost nearly 27% over the year, the sharpest drop since the gold standard monetary system was abolished in 1971. It traded around $1.4605 today.
Oil dropped to $37 a barrel, heading for its worst year ever with a slump of more than 60%.
Last night, Wall Street took heart from Washington's expanded bail-out of the embattled auto sector, with the Dow Jones industrial average closing up 2.2%. The Dow is off nearly 35% so far this year.
The mainland European bourses that opened for a half day drifted marginally upwards but still registered their worst yearly losses for decades. The CAC-40 in Paris notched up a decline of 43%, the worst run in its 20-year history. Germany's Dax-30 closed down 40.4% yesterday while Italy's MIB-30 was off 48.5% and Spain's Ibex-35 down 47.5%.
The worst-performing stockmarket over the year was Russia's, where the benchmark RTS index plunged by 72%. Second worst hit was China's benchmark Shanghai composite index, which plummeted 65% - its largest-ever annual drop - after soaring more than 300% over 2006 and 2007.
"China's economy is obviously at a turning point. There are too many uncertainties, and past huge losses have made investors increasingly cautious," said Cheng Weiqing, an analyst at Citic Securities in Beijing.
Many investors are hoping for a better year in 2009, taking heart from the stock gains seen during December. "If there's any optimism, it's on the basis that stockmarkets recover in recessions," said "Now we have the real recession, rather than the phoney recession. Last year we were so optimistic that we were fooling ourselves. It's gone too far the other way."
Buik said the outlook for the UK was mixed. "With the dole queue likely to increase to 2.5 million by the end of May 2009, and with corporate profits in the next quarter likely to fall by 15% and with the housing market continuing to retrench, the immediate outlook for equities is unappetising," he said. "However, with many companies still paying reasonable dividends, the UK stockmarket should rally strongly in the second half of the year with the FTSE ending at 5000, as the UK attempts to dig itself out of recession."
Across Asia, stocks suffered record falls over the year, a painful change from its once-booming markets. In Tokyo, the benchmark Nikkei closed for the year yesterday having recorded the biggest annual percentage loss in its 58-year history. Modest gains in December - the first since May - did little to mitigate a yearly loss of 42% after the world's second-largest economy sank into recession.
In Hong Kong, also in recession, the Hang Seng index ended the year 48% lower, its worst annual drop since the global oil shock of the early 1970s. India's main index in Mumbai plummeted by 52%.
The South African stock exchange lost 27% this year and the rand slipped almost 30%
To expect the best in 2009 is just being unrealistic.
About the Author
For More Important Updates & Predictions Regarding The Economy Please Visit Our YOUTUBE Channel ==> http://www.youtube.com/myspacesecrets
Selasa, 16 Desember 2008
ILUSTRASI TRADING PLAN (SELL) NIKEI
A S U M S I :
1.Trend : Down Trend
2. Range 7700 – 9575
3. Entry Point : 8700 (Sell 1
4. Management Resiko : Average +/- 400 pts jika market melawan
5. Trading plan ini tidak berlaku untuk Day Trading
6. Apabila index tidak bisa menembus 9575 maka Down Trend akan dilanjutkan
7. Koreksi Teknikal jika harga bergerak naik dari 7700 s.d 9575 sbb :
Fibonaci Retracement :
PENJELASAN:
A. RATIO
Total Potensial Risk : Total Potensial Profit : -(475 + 875)pts X USD 5 (1875+1400+1000) )pts X USD 5 = - USD 6750 = USD 21375
Ratio Risk : Profit
USD 6750 : USD 21375
1 : 3.1
B. BREAK EVENT POINT (BEP) :
8700 + 9100 + 9575 = 27375 = 9125 (BEP)……
(Koreksi Teknikal 23,6%) 3 LOT 3
C. JUMLAH DANA YANG DIBUTUHKAN :
Total Potensial Risk + Jumlah Lot (Margin Requirement Overnight)
USD 6750 + 3 lot (USD 2000/lot) = USD 6750 + USD 6000 = USD 12,750
D. KETAHANAN DANA (SUSTAINING) :
Asumsi, jika market bergerak naik terlebih dahulu maka :
New Balance : USD 12,750
Floating P/L : USD 6,750 –
Equity : USD 6000
1. Call Margin(CM): Kondisi jika Equity < MR(Overnight) X 70%
Equity… = USD 6,000
MR (Overnight)X 70% = (3 lot X USD 2000/lot) X 70%
= USD 4,200 – USD 1,800 - (USD 1,800 ) : (USD 5) = 360 pts = 120 pts 3 lot
Jadi, investor akan terkena CM (Overnight) di harga 575 + 120 = 9695
2. Autolock (AL) : Kondisi jika Equity < MR(Day trade) X 30 %
Equity…= USD 6,000
MR (Day Trade)X 30% = (3 lot X USD 1,000) X 30%
= USD 900 –USD 5.100
Jadi,investor akan terkena
Jumat, 28 November 2008
Kronologis Ekonomi terhadap Indek Hang Seng Nikkei
Hongkong :
Rencana bailout tersebut mendongkrak Dow Jones Industrial Average hingga 4,93 persen pada posisi 8.443,39. "Saya perkirakan market dibuka menguat dan mencatat gain 4-5 persen hari ini berkenaan dengan sangat kuatnya Wall Street dan Eropa setelah rescue Citigroup," kata Francis Lun, general manager di Fulbright Securities.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (25 Nopember 2008)
Saham-saham Amerika membukukuan rally terbesarnya dalam dua hari sejak 1987 setelah pemerintah
Citigroup yang telah mengalami kerugian sebesar 60 persen pada transaksi dalam minggu terakhir ini, mengalami rebound sebesar 58 persen setelah Treasury juga memberikan inject sebesar $20 miliar.
saham Citigroup merosot hingga 60% dan mencapai titik terendahnya sejak Desember 1992.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (24 Nopember 2008)
Presiden terpilih Obama akan memilih Timothy Geithner, gubernur bank sentral bagian
Geithner akan diberi tugas mengatasi krisis keuangan AS terbesar dalam tujuh dekade, termasuk penyelamatan American International Group Incorporation dan Bears Stearns Cos serta memutuskan Lehman Brothers Holdings Incorporation.
Geithner berpengalaman mengatasi kriris yang melanda Asia pada periode 1997-1998 dan dipercaya mampu mengatasi krisis yang melanda negara tersebut. Pasar menilai Geithner tidak hanya menangani masalah di sektor jasa keuangan namun juga krisis di industri otomotif yang ikut terjerembab karena kesulitan likuiditas dan telah memakan korban seperti GM dan Ford.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (23 Nopember 2008)
ANALISA TEKNIK :
Hangseng akan dibuka turun yang dipicu dari penurunan terhadap Wall Street semalam. Level TARGET hari ini berada di level 11800. Apabila level tersebut berhasil dilewati maka indeks akan mencoba menuju 11500 sebagai support selanjutnya namun perlu adanya konfirmasi terlebih dahulu di level 11700.
Untuk hari ini diperkirakan fokus masih tetap akan terletak pergerakan harga minyak dunia, pergerakan dollar amerika, pergerakan dari pasar China dan data ekonomi amerika lebih lanjut.
Indeks HSI diperkirakan akan berkisar pada level 11500 - 12350 hari Jum'at ini, TARGET berada di level 11800 dengan kondisi Downtrend namun waspadai adanya kenaikan apabila indeks gagal tembus level 11800 dan 11500.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (21 Nopember 2008)
Jepang :
Krisis ekonomi global telah menular ke perekonomian Jepang yang intensif, menyebabkan penurunan pada eksport nasional Jepang dalam tujuh tahun terakhir pada Oktober sehingga mendorong trade ballace Jepang defisit.
Investor juga masih fokus pada pada data demand Amerika setelah penurunan tajam CPI US periode Oktober yang telah disampaikan. Masayoshi Okamoto, head of dealing pada Jujiya Securities mengatakan,"Hal ini akan berdampak negatif pada perekonomian US dan juga pada Ekonomi Global."
Nikkei .N225 jatuh 357.59 poin ke level 7,915.63, tergelincir ke bawah level 8,000 untuk pertama kalinya sejak akhir Oktober dan memecahkan rekor level terendah dalam tiga minggu pada level 7,890.56 diawal sesi.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (21 Nopember 2008)
Amerika :
Saham General Motor tenggelam lebih dari 15 persen ke harga terendahnya dalam 66 tahun terakhir, sementara pesaingnya Ford terhempas pada harga terendah dalam 26 tahun, terjadi setelah kekhawatir para investor terhadap tidak adanya langkah yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah dalam waktu dekat untuk menyelesaikan masalah pada industri ini sebelum terjadi penarikan untuk pailit.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (20 Nopember 2008)
Sabtu, 01 November 2008
Persetujuan Kontrak Gulir Emas US DOLLAR
Pada tanggal 19 September 2008, Kepala BAPPEBTI telah mengeluarkan persetujuan atas usulan Kontrak KGE USD dengan surat persetujuan Nomor: 388/BAPPEBTI/9/2008.
KGE USD merupakan pengembangan atas Subyek Kontrak Berjangka Emas (KBE) yang sudah diperdagangkan sebelumnya di Bursa Berjangka Jakarta, yaitu : Kontrak Berjangka Emas (KBE), Kontrak Gulir Indeks Emas (KIE), Kontrak Gulir Emas (KGE) Rupiah dan Kontrak Gulir Emas US Dollar (KGE USD).
Total keseluruhan kontrak yang diperdagangkan di Bursa Berjangka Jakarta dengan dikeluarkannya persetujuan atas Kontrak Gulir Emas US Dollar (KGE USD) sampai dengan bulan September 2009 sebanyak 41 subyek kontrak terdiri dari :
KGE USD merupakan pengembangan atas Subyek Kontrak Berjangka Emas (KBE) yang sudah diperdagangkan sebelumnya di Bursa Berjangka Jakarta, yaitu : Kontrak Berjangka Emas (KBE), Kontrak Gulir Indeks Emas (KIE), Kontrak Gulir Emas (KGE) Rupiah dan Kontrak Gulir Emas US Dollar (KGE USD).
Total keseluruhan kontrak yang diperdagangkan di Bursa Berjangka Jakarta dengan dikeluarkannya persetujuan atas Kontrak Gulir Emas US Dollar (KGE USD) sampai dengan bulan September 2009 sebanyak 41 subyek kontrak terdiri dari :
- Komoditi Primer (Riil Kontrak) sebanyak 5 Kontrak;
- Skema Penyaluran Amanat Luar Negeri (PALN) sebanyak 9 Kontrak;
- Skema Kontrak Sistem Perdagangan Alternatif (SPA) sebanyak 27 Kontrak;
Test Wakil Pialang Berjangka
Selamat atas suksesnya pelaksanaan Test Wakil Pialang - WPB Kontrak di Mall Kemayoran Jakarta hari ini, semoga memberikan angin baru yang kesekian kalinya dalam memberikan support tenaga professional di bidang perdagangan berjangka. Lakukan yang terbaik adalah bagian dari profesionalis Wakil Pialang Berjangka . Siapa saja pesertanya ?
Kamis, 02 Oktober 2008
Saham Hong Kong dibuka melemah karena eksposur Hang Seng Bank's WaMu
HONG KONG (XFN-ASIA) - Harga saham dibuka melemah meskipun Senat AS menyetujui rencana bantuan dana sebesar 700 miliar USD di sektor finansial AS, namun saham-saham finansial mendapat tekanan setelah Hang Seng Bank diketahui bahwa mengalami kerugian atas penempatan investasinya di Washington Mutual dan likuiditas di pasar antarbank meneruskan pengetatannya meskipun bank sentral setempat (HKMA)berupaya memberi kelonggaran.
Juru bicara Hang Seng Bank mengkonfirmasikan kegagalan ekposur Bank tersebut di instrumen
reksadana Washington tanpa menyebutkan secara spesifik jumlah investasi yang dideritanya.
Para dealer mengatakan pasar juga terluka oleh kenyataan kegagalan Otoritas Keuangan Hong Kong (HKMA)dalam memberikan paket bantuan likuiditas untuk perbankan lokal guna menurunkan suku bunga di pasar antar bank.
Juru bicara Hang Seng Bank mengkonfirmasikan kegagalan ekposur Bank tersebut di instrumen
reksadana Washington tanpa menyebutkan secara spesifik jumlah investasi yang dideritanya.
Para dealer mengatakan pasar juga terluka oleh kenyataan kegagalan Otoritas Keuangan Hong Kong (HKMA)dalam memberikan paket bantuan likuiditas untuk perbankan lokal guna menurunkan suku bunga di pasar antar bank.
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